HIP BONE Coxal Bone / Innominate Bone

 HIP BONE Coxal Bone / Innominate Bone

FEATURES

•       The hip bone is a large flat bone, constricted in the center and expanded above and below. In some vertebrates (including humans before puberty)

•       It is composed of three parts: the ilium, ischium, and the pubis

•       At birth, these three components are separated by hyaline cartilage.

•       The three separate bones are join by cartilage at the acetabulum

•       At puberty, these three bones are join together to form one large , irregular bone

•       Hip bone articulate with the sacrum at the sacroilliac joints and form the anteriolateral wall of the pelvis

 

•       It form pelvic gardle

•       It is homologous with scapula

•       During development they are seperated from each other by the triradiate cartilage

•       Pubic tubercle provide attachment for inguinal ligament and adductor longus

•       Hole in the hip bone is the obturator foraman

ACETABULUM

•       It is the socket of hip bone into which the head of femur fits

•       It articulate with the head of femur

•       Y-shape epiphyseal cartilage

•       Start to ossify at 12 years

•       Fuse 16 to 17 years

•       HIP bone consist of three parts

1. Upper 2/5 of the ilium
2. Lower and posterior 2/5 for the ischium
3. Lower and anterior 1/5 for the pubis

•       ILLIUM

•       ilium is separated into upper and lower parts by a ridge on the medial surface

•       It is expended fan shape bony plate

•       Anteriorly, the ridge separating the upper and lower parts of the ilium is rounded and termed the arcuate line

•       Posteriorly, the ridge is sharp and lies immediately superior to the surface of the bone that articulates with the sacrum

•       It form the dorsolateral part of pelvis

•       It has two end: upper and lower end

•       UPPER END: curved and thickened border is termed as illiac crest. It is concavoconvax. It is convax 2/3 ventrally and concave 1/3 dorsally.

•       Illiac crest has 2 ends :anterior superior illiac spine and posterior superior illiac spine

•       Anterior superior illiac spine give attachment to the lateral end of inguinal ligament and sartorius muscle

•       Posterior superior illiac spine provide attachment to the sacro-tuberous ligament

 

•       Illiac crest has vental outer,intermediate and inner lip

•       Outer lip is approximately 5cm around the anterior superior illiac spine there is tubercle is the illiac tubercle

•       Outside to inside Attachments of fasia lata and illio-tibial tract. Tensor fasia lata is infront of tubercle of illiac crest

•       Medially: external oblique abdominis muscle. Internal oblique abdominis muscle

•       Outer lip provide attacment to the lattismus dorsi

•       Inner lip provide transverse abdominis muscle and posterior 1/3 quadratus lumborum

 

•       Illiac crest dorsal part divided by a ridge into outer and inner slopes

•       Outer slope provide attachment to gluteus maximus muscle

•       Inner slope provide attachment to erector spinae muscle

 

•       It has three borders: anterior, posterior and medial border

•       ANTERIOR:Extend from anterior superior illiac spine to acetabulum

•       Anterior superior illiac spine provide attachment to the ilio-femoral ligament and it attached intertrochentric line of femur is known as ligament of bigelow

•       POSTERIOR: it is continous with posterior border of ischium. It form a notch greater sciatic notch, below this notch is ischial spine, lesser sciatic notch

•       MEDIAL:runs downward, forward medially. Below is rough area is illio-pubic eminence

 

 •       It has three surfaces: illiac fossa, gluteal surface and sacropelvic surface

•       Anteriomedially illiac fossa.Large concave area situated infront of medial border.It form the lateral wall of false pelvis. Provide attacment to illiac muscle

•       Posteriormedially is sacropelvic surface.It has 3 parts illiac tuberosity,(illiolumbar ligament, dorsosacral ligament and interossous sacro-illiac ligament) articular surface and pelvic surface. It has a sulcus is preauricular sulcus and attachment of ventral sacroilliac ligament

•       Laterally is gluteal surface(4 areas by 3 lines posterior, anterior and inferior)

 

ISCHIUM

•       It is posterioinferior part of hip bone and adjoining 2/5 of acetabulum

•       It form posterior boundary of obturator foraman

•       It has 2 ends (upper and lower)

•       It has 3 borders (anterior, posterior and lateral)

•       It has 3 surfaces(femoral, dorsal and pelvic)

 

•       ENDS

•       Upper end: ischium, ilium and pubis fuse with each other in the acetabulum

•       Lower end: form ischial tuberosity and give ramus of pubis

•       BORDERS

•       Anterior: form posterior margin of obturatur foramen

•       Posterior: form the lower border of greater notch. Below the notch posterior margin shows a projection called ischial spine,then below form greater sciatic notch

 

•       SURFACES:

•       Femoral: lies between the ant and posterior border. Attachment of obturator externus and quadratus femoris

•       Dorsal: continous above the dorsal border of illium. It has a wide shallow groove and upper part of ischial tuberosity. Attacment pisiformis and obturator internus

•       Ischial tuberosity is divided by transverse, oblique and longitudinal ridge. Attacment semitendinous, long head of bicep femoris, adductor magnus, sacrotuberus ligament, ischiofemoral ligament

•       Pelvic: form a lateral wall of true pelvis. Attachment obturator internus, ischioanal fossa

 

•       ISCHIOPUBIC RAMI

•       It is consist of following 2 structues

•        the pubis,the inferior pubic ramus

•       the ischium, the inferior ramus of the ischium

•       It has 2 border(upper and lower)

•       It has 2 surfaces (outer and inner)

•       Attachment obturator membrane, fasia lata, colle’s fascia

 

•       PUBIS

•       Anterioinferior part of hip bone and anterior 1/5 of acetabulum

•       It has body anteriorly

•       Superior ramus superiolaterally

•       Inferior ramus inferiolaterally

 

•       BODY

•       It has a superior border form pubic crest

•       Pubic tubercle at the lateral border of pubic crest. Attachment cremaster muscle and in males spermatic cord

•       3 surfaces(anterior, posterior and medial)

•       ANTERIOR: directed downward forward  and laterally and rough superio medially. Attachment pubic ligament, adductor longus, gracilis, adductor bravis

•       POSTERIOR: is smooth . Directed downward and backward. Related to urinary bladder. Attachment levator ani, obturator internus, puboprostatic ligament

•       MEDIAL: Articulate with opposite pubis to form the pubis symphysis

 

•       Superior ramus

•       3 border (superior, anterior and inferior)

•       Superior: called as pectineal line or pectin pubis. Sharp crest extending from behind the pubic tubercle to the posterior part of iliopubic eminence. Pubic crest form pubic part of arcuate line. Attachment conjoint tendon, lacunar ligament, pectinate ligament,

•       Anterior: called as obturator crest. Extend from pubic tubercle to the acetabular notch

•       Inferior: sharp, form upper margin of obturator foramen

 

•       It has 3 surfaces (pectineal, pelvic and obturator)

•       Pectineal: triangular area between anterior and superior border. Extend from pubic tubercle to the iliopubic eminence. Attachment pectineus

•       Pelvis: lies between superior and inferior. Smooth. Continous with the pelvic surface of the body of pubis. Attachment round ligament of uterus of femur

•       Obturator: lies between the anterior and inferior border. Present the obturator groove

 

•       INFERIOR RAMUS

•       Extend from the body of pubis to the ramus of the ischium, medial to the obturator foramen

•       It unite with the ramus of ischium to form the conjoined ischiopubic rami